The history of adhan (call to prayer) began with a vision in a dream by one of Prophet Muhammad’s followers and a freed African slave serving as the first muezzin. Adhan calls Muslims around the world to pray five times a day – it can be broadcast around the neighborhood, recited from within the mosque building, or sounded from a sidewalk.
Muslim daily life is punctuated with five ritual prayers, or salat. In the early Muslim community in Madinah, according to tradition, faithful Muslims would gather around the Prophet Muhammad without any summons.
The Prophet considered using a horn. One of his followers had a vision in a dream, however, in which a man taught him a better way to call people to prayer, saying, in translation:
God is most Great! God is most Great!
God is most Great! God is most Great!
I bear witness that there is no God but Allah.
I bear witness that there is no God but Allah.
I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
Come to prayer. Come to prayer.
Come to success. Come to success.
God is most Great! God is most Great!
There is no God but Allah.
The Prophet confirmed this dream and appointed Bilal, a freed African slave, to be the first muezzin, to use his penetrating voice to sound this call to prayer, the adhan, from the masjid.
From this time on, for thirteen centuries, the adhan has called the faithful all over the world to perform their five daily prayers.
The adhan is a regular reminder of the submission of all of life to God’s will, and a reminder that life is shaped by prayer.
The adhan is a summons to enter the prayer space, to turn one’s body, mind and spirit toward God.
In many predominantly Muslim countries, the call to prayer is broadcast over speakers five times each day from the minaret of each local masjid.
Others call the adhan publicly before special community gatherings: at the Islamic Center of Toledo (USA), the muezzin climbs the spiral staircase of the minaret and issues the call to prayer across the vast Ohio cornfields.